“Marriage and what makes a good one?” i Essay

â€Å"Marriage and what makes a decent one?† is a significant topic of Jane Austen’s ‘Pride and Prejudice’ examine this part of the novel. The tale ‘Pride and Prejudice’ gives numerous thoughts of marriage. It tends to be viewed as a business exchange, a partnership between families or a social improvement for ladies however it is seen in some cases, ‘happiness in marriage is altogether a matter of chance’. As the novel opens we can tell that marriage in the late nineteenth century was primarily based around society; ‘it is a reality generally recognized, that a solitary man possessing a favorable luck, must be in need of a wife.’ We learn in the novel that ladies married for cash or security like Charlotte Lucas yet others like Elizabeth and Jane wed for affection. Mr and Mrs Bennet’s marriage was imprudent, Mr Bennet was ‘captivated by youth and beauty’ and in light of Mrs Bennet’s ‘weak understanding and biased mind’ it ‘put a conclusion to all genuine love for her’. Mr and Mrs Bennet’s marriage is a genuine case of what a marriage shouldn’t be, in the event that they had hitched for adoration, Mr Bennet wouldn’t utilize his ‘sarcastic humour’ to ‘vex’ his better half. Their terrible marriage seriously affects Kitty and Lydia who are ‘two of the silliest young ladies in the country,’ this is brought about by their parents’ absence of direction throughout everyday life and is the explanation behind their oblivious conduct and trivial nature around men, which later prompts Lydia’s ‘elopement’ with Mr Wickham. Mrs Bennet’s ‘business of life was to get her girls married,’ and to her it was critical to do this before any other individual. This is the reason when Lydia weds Mr Wickham, Mrs Bennet neglects to see their unsatisfactory quality since she is glad to the point that her most youthful was hitched; ‘she will be hitched at sixteen.’ Lydia resembles her mom from various perspectives so her union with Mr Wickham will wind up like that of her folks. Lydia and Mr Wickham’s marriage is unequal so it is impossible that it will last; ‘their elopement had been welcomed on by the quality of her affection, as opposed to by his’ Jane and Mr Bingley are appropriate on the grounds that Jane consistently observes the best in individuals; ‘never†¦speak sick of a human being’ and Mr Bingley was ‘good looking and gentlemanlike’ with a ‘pleasant face, and simple, unaffected manners.’ Mr Bingley doesn’t care about economic wellbeing; ‘if they had uncles enough to fill all Cheapside it would not make them one scribble less agreeable,’ and he cherishes Jane for what her identity is. Jane has the ‘most friendly, liberal heart in the world’ and was ‘all flawlessness and goodness’ so her and Mr Bingley had the option to beat their snags to be the ideal match. Elizabeth additionally needs to wed for affection so when Mr Collins proposes to her she dismisses him since she doesn’t love him and he doesn’t notice that he adores her. From the outset impressions Elizabeth discovers Mr Darcy the ‘proudest, most upsetting man in the world’ which was in opposition to her ‘lively, energetic disposition’. Elizabeth is partiality against Mr Darcy since he is ‘proud and conceited’ and despite the fact that he accepts that somebody with his high societal position shouldn’t structure a sentimental connection to somebody of a lower status he ‘began to feel the peril of paying Elizabeth an excessive amount of attention.’ Elizabeth succumbs to Mr Wickham’s charms and accepts his tale about Mr Darcy which drives her to loathe him as well as to despise him and when she discovers that it was he who cautioned Mr Bingley off her sister Jane she decides to detest him significantly more. Mr Darcy proposes to Elizabeth and admits how he ‘admires’ and ‘loves’ her yet now in the novel they aren’t fit to one another in light of the fact that the two of them despite everything have restricted perspectives. Likewise now in the novel they are both blameworthy of pride and partiality. As the novel advances we see that Elizabeth’s partiality slowly vanishes and is supplanted with affection for Mr Darcy, however by then she thinks it is past the point of no return and that he will never need to wed her after the disgrace Lydia put their family to. Anyway he demonstrates that he isn't ‘proud and conceited’ any longer by taking care of Mr Wickham and when she expresses gratitude toward him thinking all expectation is lost in him consistently requesting that her wed him once more, he does. Charlotte’s thought of marriage is altogether different to that of Jane and Elizabeth; she would prefer to forfeit love for security. She accepts that ‘a lady would do well to shew more friendship than she feels’ or she may ‘lose the chance of fixing him’. This is the reason she consents to wed Mr Collins who just needs to wed since he figures it will be useful for his picture and she winds up evading him for the duration of the day since he is a ‘pompous’, ‘odious man’. Mr Collins doesn’t give any indication of needing to wed for adoration since he first turns his eye to Jane yet when he discovers she is taken, he turns his eye to the following best thing: Elizabeth.ñ‹

Free Essays on Archeology Affecting Literature

Prehistoric studies Affecting Literature Since the get-go men have pondered about the lives of individuals who preceded. Various archeologists have found different articles made and utilized by past developments which have provided us with indispensable data about our past. A large number of those revelations have assisted with explaining odds and ends of our reality and its kin. As men wonder and attempt to see how our predecessors lived, these antiques can help. A considerable lot of these past disclosures from prehistoric studies burrows can maybe some of the time be validated by physical proof. What exactly degree do these disclosures ruin or bolster the data introduced? Contemporary paleontology is incredibly influencing the legitimacy of abstract works recently thought to be anecdotal, just as disavowing the postulation of some non-anecdotal works. Revelations made because of archeological burrows influence the legitimacy of (1) American, (2) British, and (3) Greek works of writing. Barry Fell’s distribution of American B.C. is a record of our most punctual pilgrims in North America and how their causes are attached to the Mediterranean littoral. Around 3,000 years prior Celtic sailors crossed the Atlantic to settle in New England and different zones. Other pilgrim followed communicating in a wide range of dialects and settled in different pieces of the United States. In 1975, in the northwest locale of the United States, revelations of old Celtic engravings were found on regions of covered structures and they were accepted to be sanctuaries to the Celtic God’s. Indian culture created and framed from these European and the Middle East impacts. A tablet found in an antiquated Indian internment hill in 1874 was another riddle that brought intimations that we could use to assist us with comprehension past civic establishments. â€Å"For on it are engraved galactic guidelines in three antiquated dialects â€Egyptian, Iberian Punic, and Libyan† (Fell 4). Barry Fell’s discoveries have caused much contro... Free Essays on Archeology Affecting Literature Free Essays on Archeology Affecting Literature Prehistoric studies Affecting Literature Since the get-go men have pondered about the lives of individuals who preceded. Various archeologists have found different articles made and utilized by past civic establishments which have provided us with fundamental data about our past. A significant number of those revelations have assisted with explaining odds and ends of our reality and its kin. As men wonder and attempt to see how our precursors lived, these relics can help. A significant number of these past disclosures from archaic exploration burrows can maybe once in a while be validated by physical proof. What exactly degree do these disclosures ruin or bolster the data introduced? Contemporary archaic exploration is extraordinarily influencing the legitimacy of abstract works recently thought to be anecdotal, just as renouncing the postulation of some non-anecdotal works. Disclosures made because of archeological burrows influence the legitimacy of (1) American, (2) British, and (3) Greek works of writing. Barry Fell’s distribution of American B.C. is a record of our most punctual pilgrims in North America and how their beginnings are attached to the Mediterranean littoral. Around 3,000 years prior Celtic sailors crossed the Atlantic to settle in New England and different zones. Other homesteader followed communicating in a wide range of dialects and settled in different pieces of the United States. In 1975, in the northwest district of the United States, disclosures of old Celtic engravings were found on zones of covered structures and they were accepted to be sanctuaries to the Celtic God’s. Indian culture created and shaped from these European and the Middle East impacts. A tablet found in an antiquated Indian entombment hill in 1874 was another secret that brought pieces of information that we could use to assist us with comprehension past developments. â€Å"For on it are engraved galactic directions in three antiquated dialects â€Egyptian, Iberian Punic, and Libyan† (Fell 4). Barry Fell’s discoveries have caused much contro...

Understanding the Varied Roles of a Life Coach

Understanding the Varied Roles of a Life Coach Student Resources Careers Print Understanding the Roles of a Life Coach By Cathy Wong Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Richard Fogoros, MD on February 28, 2017 Richard N. Fogoros, MD, is a retired professor of medicine and board-certified internal medicine physician and cardiologist. He is Verywells Senior Medical Advisor. Learn about our Medical Review Board Richard Fogoros, MD Updated on February 03, 2020 Tempura/istockphoto More in Student Resources Careers APA Style and Writing Study Guides and Tips When it comes to finding more fulfillment, working with a life coach could help you make progress. A type of wellness professional, life coaches aid their clients in improving their relationships, careers, and day-to-day lives. Life coaches help you clarify your goals, identify the obstacles holding you back, and then come up with strategies for overcoming each obstacle. In creating these strategies, life coaches target your unique skills and gifts. By helping you to make the most of such strengths, life coaches provide the support you need to achieve long-lasting change. Many individuals seek out life coaches for guidance in navigating a significant life change, such as taking on a new career. In plenty of cases, however, people turn to life coaches simply for help in building a happier, more meaningful life. In recent years, life coaches have acquired a considerable presence in the mainstream. Indeed, a growing number of creatives, executives, and entrepreneurs are now teaming up with life coaches to attain success in their professional and personal lives. What a Life Coach Can Do for You One of the key benefits of working with a life coach is the ability to gain a fresh, informed perspective on problems that you’ve long faced. In addition to offering new insight into such challenges, a life coach can help you to zero in on negative patterns that could be standing in the way of your success. Many people view working with a life coach as a means of bridging the gap between your current circumstances and the life you’d most like to lead. Here are some of the  positive outcomes that could result from joining forces with a life coach: Greater financial securityA better work/life balanceElimination of long-held fears and anxietiesStronger relationships with friends and familyImproved communication skillsA more satisfying work lifeEnhanced creativity Additionally, people frequently pair up with life coaches in order to work through barriers that may interfere with finding a partner/mate. Many individuals also look to life coaches for help in identifying their passion and carving out their ideal career path. Also, since sessions typically take place on a regular basis over a prolonged period of time, life coaches can ensure that their clients are implementing what is necessary to experience significant change. For a great number of clients, accountability is one of the prime advantages of working with a life coach. Along with providing the support and motivation essential for maintaining momentum, coaches can observe when a client is stuck or needs to recalibrate her goals. As a result, clients often achieve those goals more quickly and efficiently than they would if working on their own. Who Should Consider Working With a Life Coach? There are a number of indications that working with a life coach could be helpful for you. These signs include: An inability to break bad habitsFrequent irritabilityHigh levels of stress  and/or anxietyA persistent feeling of dissatisfaction at workA lack of fulfillment in your social lifeA sense of blocked creativity The Difference Between a Life Coach and a Therapist Although there may be some overlap in the benefits of working with a life coach and undergoing therapy, each of these professionals has a very distinct role and serves a unique purpose. Unlike life coaches, therapists and other mental health professionals focus on healing and aim to help their clients work through trauma and other issues from their past. While working with a life coach may help you to deal with certain unresolved issues, life coaches cannot treat mood disorders, anxiety disorders, addiction, or any other mental health condition. To that end, a life coach should never be considered as a substitute for a mental health professional. If you’re experiencing symptoms of a mental health problem (such as feelings of hopelessness, difficulty concentrating, sleep disruption, and mood disturbance), it’s crucial to consult a mental health professional as soon as possible. What You Need to Know Before You Work With a Life Coach Life coaching sessions can take many different forms. For example, some life coaches meet with their clients in person, while others conduct their sessions over the phone or by Skype. If you’re thinking of working with a life coach, keep in mind that it’s up to you to decide what you’d like to focus on in your coaching sessions. Each session should leave you feeling empowered and uplifted, so it’s critical to find a coach whose style and philosophy resonate with you. For help in finding a qualified life coach, try consulting an organization such as the International Coach Federation.

Pros And Cons Of Social Media - 864 Words

INTRODUCTION In the present time social media is very popular for the social connectivity especially among the college students because they can make groups and can stay connected with each other. every coin has two sides so social sites has too many benefits, but it has disadvantages also. Let’s discuss Pros and Cons of social media. WHAT IS SOCIAL MEDIA Social media are web-based communication tools that enable people to interact with each other by both sharing and consuming information. Social media is a phrase that we throw a lot these days, often to describe what we post on sites and apps like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, snapchat and others 1. Facebook: This is the biggest social media network on the internet. Many people use this†¦show more content†¦PROS OF SOCIAL MEDIA AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS 1. Educational Tools: Social media has a lot of benefits for the students and as well as teacher. students can easily learn from others who are experts and professional via the social media. Students can learn many more knowledge, without paying any cost. Studying by using social media has become very common for many fields around the world. Also, it helps students in their studying and find a reliable site to improve themselves in different fields. 2. Awareness: Social media also create awareness and innovative the way people live. Social media which has helped people discover new stuffs and ideas that can enhance knowledge and awareness. 3. Information and Updates: The main advantage of social media is that students can easily get any type of information. With the help of social media, you can get the latest and true information by do some small search. 4. Commonality in interest: It can also be a great way to share tips and ideas. Students can get information about hobbies, cooking, gardening and crafts. CONS OF SOCIAL MEDIA AMONG STUDENTS 1. Hacking: Personal data and privacy can easily be hacked with the help of these social sites. Many of students also suffer and effected by this problem because some time the personal account on social sites can be hacked. This is one of the most dangerous disadvantage of social media. Nearly Two-Thirds of U.S. Adults with Social MediaShow MoreRelatedPro And Cons : Pros And Cons Of Social Media852 Words   |  4 PagesPros and Cons of Social Media Social Media is a place on the internet where someone can talk or interact with friends, family and/or associates. There are various types of social media and different ways of accessing it. People can go on social media through a phone, computer, tablet, or even a smart watch and there are many different types of social media like Snapchat, Facebook, and Instagram. Decades ago, the most anyone had was a phone to call someone else on but the phone was connected to aRead MorePros And Cons Of Social Media740 Words   |  3 PagesThere are many pros and cons to social media so I am indifferent about this topic. Some pros of social media is that it helps with communication with people from long distances and its also good for advertising. Some cons are it brings about cyberbullying and it’s really time consuming. These are some reasons why I am indifferent about social media. Social media has changed communication in a whole different way. From facebook to snapchat and so man y others, social media has made it extremelyRead MorePros And Cons Of Social Media1114 Words   |  5 PagesIn today’s century social media is the main way to communicate with people with people all over the world. It has become very popular... even more popular than a text or video message. Social media is a computer technology that facilitates the creation and sharing of information, ideas, career interests and other forms of expression via communities and networks. The variety of social media services that are currently available can help benefit businesses, introduce an event, or even help you findRead MorePro And Cons Of Social Media1168 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Networking, More Like Social NOTworking Picture this, you just got the greatest haircut of your life. Feeling good, you take a selfie and post it on Instagram with the caption, â€Å"Feelin’ good.† A few hours later, you get a notification that someone commented on your picture. That comment reads, â€Å"You’re feeling good about THAT haircut? LOL!† You were just a victim of cyberbullying. Cyberbullying is one of the many negative effects of social networking and social media on teens, and could createRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Social Media782 Words   |  3 Pagesutilization of social networking site. JhonZimmerman, a 26 old year a tour manager of the Gateway Plan was recently burdened with 87 charges, particularly 23 counts of sexual violence penetration of a child under 16 years, 3 rapes,and multiple counts of incident acts and using internet for procuring minor and child pornography. These above mentioned incidents are possible only due to the existence of social networking site. So, social networking site has both features: pros and cons. TheRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Social Media1775 Words   |  8 PagesSocial media has conquered the internet as well advanced in the growth of opening relationships and collaborating ideas around many counseling professions. In the field of therapy, many psychotherapists expanded their ways by connection with patients through Facebook pages and other webpages that allow communication. Lately, this has also created current issues to consider and benefits for counselors. Older generations find this as a problem because it is unethical and has effects towards the boundaryRead MorePros And Cons Of Social Media1161 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent social media network. As Centuries move forward, technology is advancing is taking a big hike on the usage board. One of the subsidiaries of technology most commonly known is social media. Social media has been moving up the scale of usage for the last ten years. There have been many social media apps, or platforms for the past years. There wa s for example: hi5, Myspace, Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, Tumblr, and so on because there are many more. One of the most recent platform of Social mediaRead MorePros And Cons Of Social Media Essay1598 Words   |  7 PagesArgument/Research Essay Serin Kim Period 4 A prevalent issue regarding social media and interactions exists between researchers and social network users. Social media is currently changing how relationships between people are created. Relationships can exist through people across the world through social media and can produce more emotional bonds with friends that you can see everyday. On the other hand, social media also could present conflicts due to the fact that some of these relationshipsRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Social Media1454 Words   |  6 Pagestechnology happening from the I-Mac Pro, to the iPhone 8, who knows what else the future will hold. But not only are there new technologies coming out, but also new sites. Sites that can be used from all over the world with people from everywhere using it. Many sites have gotten new updates to make them more popular such as Instagram, Snapchat, Twitter, and even Facebook. But would that be a good or bad thing? Many people can agree there are some good things about socia l media, but there can also be bad outcomesRead MorePros and Cons of Social Media1064 Words   |  4 Pagesthe world to meet loved ones, share memories and stay in touch. Social media can be defined as â€Å"websites and applications that enable users to create and share content or to participate in social networking† (Lubbe). Social networking sites have made it unbelievably easy to talk to friends and families who live far away, and share pictures and videos of every special event in one’s life. The facility however doesn’t end there. Social networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter are also commonly

Reading Comprehension Activity for Reported Speech

Essay on Nursing Process and Clinical Decision Making

Nursing Process and Clinical Decision-Making The nursing professional faces a myriad of decisions on a daily basis. The effectiveness of the decision-making process is crucial to ensuring positive outcomes in the clinical setting. If the nursing process is misunderstood or misapplied to the decision-making process by a failure to use critical thinking skills, the results can be catastrophic to the anticipated outcomes. Furthermore, an immaturity in critical thinking may influence decisions because of insufficient knowledge and experience. This paper will explore the role of critical thinking and the nursing process in making clinical decisions. Additionally, clinical maturity will be addressed as a key component of critical thinking†¦show more content†¦Finally, the intervention must be evaluated for effectiveness. If the intervention fails to achieve the desired outcome, then the process returns to the fourth step and the selection process for the next intervention is initiated. (Kozier, Erb, Berman, Burke, 200 0, p.261) Closely linked to this decision-making model is the ubiquitous nursing process. The nursing process includes data collection and documentation, analysis of the data to determine current condition and real or potential health related issues, development of an individualized plan of care to deal with these issues, implementation of that plan of care, and evaluation of the plan of care to determine its effectiveness and adjust the plan as needed. (Blais, Hayes, Kozier, Erb, 2006) Underlying both the clinical decision-making process and the nursing process is the skill of critical thinking. Critical thinking has been described as the ability to gather and process data in such a way as to arrive at the best conclusion using the filters of prior knowledge, experience and external resources to overcome personal emotions, biases, and assumptions. (This description was developed during NUR/300 class, University of Phoenix, S. Colorado, March 16, 2006) Note that critical thinking is described as aShow MoreRelatedThe Development Of Decision Making1238 Words   |  5 PagesThe Development of Decision-Making in Nursing Nursing is a profession that has traditionally attracted individuals who have a desire to help others and have an interest in the health sciences (Ruesink, 2012). In the complex world of health care, good intentions only go so far in terms of client safety, quality of care, and achieving the best possible outcomes, and that is why critical thinking, decision making, and evidence based practice are crucial to the nursing profession when acting on theRead MoreCritical Thinking And Clinical Reasoning1163 Words   |  5 PagesCritical Thinking and Clinical Reasoning Critical thinking and clinical reasoning are terms often used interchangeably throughout the history of nursing. However, they are not the same, and distinguishing the difference amongst them is important. The purpose of this paper is to define critical thinking and clinical reasoning, discuss each concepts similarities and differences, as well as share this author’s perspective on how critical thinking and clinical reasoning have developed and evolved throughoutRead MoreIdentify the stages of the Nursing Process and the skills essential to the Nursing Process1672 Words   |  7 PagesThe nursing process is a five stage systematic framework, and based on the problem solving approach; it forms the foundation for nursing practice to facilitate focussed, individualised care planning for patients (Yildirim and Ozkahraman 2011). This assignment will serve to identify the five stages of the nursing process: Assessment, Nursing Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation and Evaluation. Th e skills: Communication, Observation, Critical Thinking and Reflection involved within the nursing processRead MoreFactors Influencing Nurses For Clinical Nursing Practice1206 Words   |  5 PagesFactors Influencing Nurses to Leave Clinical Nursing Practice In their article Why Are Nurses Leaving? Findings from an Initial Qualitative Study on Nursing Attrition, MacKusick and Minick (2010) outline a participatory case study using a phenomenological research design to identify factors that influence Registered Nurses (RNs) decisions to leave clinical nursing practice. This paper will examine the study using a qualitative critiquing approach. The information discovered will be used to determineRead MoreCritical Thinking1125 Words   |  5 Pagesto lower health care costs are all contributing factors in the necessary changes to the nursing practice. In order for nurses to deliver optimum care, they must develop a higher quality of thinking capability. We will review the information given in this research paper to discuss the impact of critical thinking in the nursing profession, as well as the various strategies / techniques used in assisting nursing educators to develop and train nurses in critical thinking. Knowles (cited in SimpsonRead MoreThe Research Evidence Based Practice1174 Words   |  5 PagesThis article is about transplant nurse role in research evidence based practice in nursing care. Transplant nurses should practice transplant nursing that is based on evidence. Institute of medicine reported that by 2020, 90% of clinical decisions should be based on evidence, but today 12% to 14% clinical decisions are only based on evidence. Pravikoff and colleagues surveyed 3000 nurses in United States with a 37% response rate .Fifty-eight percent of responding nurses had never used research toRead MoreLeadership : A Nurse Manager Of The Telemetry Floor At The Hospital1413 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Leadership is an important part of almost all profession. It is no surprise that the role of nursing profession evolving, with that evolution, leadership is becoming more and more important. Leadership establishes an environment that foster personal and professional growth. Nursing is a profession that put huge emphasis on leadership skills. Leadership is such an essential part of our health care system, which can greatly impact the quality, accessibility and affordability of healthRead MoreIntegration of Evidenced Based Practice in Professional Nursing1250 Words   |  5 PagesIntegration of Evidence-Based Practice into Professional Nursing Practice Sandra Sparks Chamberlain College of Nursing NR 351: Transitions to Professional Nursing Fall 2010 Introduction During the 1980’s, the term â€Å"evidence-based† medicine surfaced to describe the approach that used scientific evidence to determine the best practice. Evidence-based practice is a process that entails reviewing and instilling the most reliableRead MoreThe Electronic Health Record And Clinical Decision Support824 Words   |  4 Pages Evaluation Project: Part 1 The scenario selected for this evaluation project focuses on the electronic health record. The scenario involves patient documentation, clinical decision support, and performing nursing notes. The project involves evaluation and implementation of EHR. The electronic health record and clinical decision support are not only relevant to my current organization but also are particular interest of mine. The electronic health record has helped to reduce the amount of paperRead MoreNursing Theory And Nursing Practice Essay1181 Words   |  5 Pagespaper is to apply and explain nursing theory as a guide to help restructure and solve nursing practice issues by questioning, critical thinking about effectiveness of what nurses do. Application of theory by nurse leaders can influence patient satisfaction scores, patient-care delivery, and workflow. In today’s complex rapidly changing healthcare environment, healthcare system and hospitals are increasing their efforts to hire well-trained clinical professionals and mission-oriented

Audit risks for Mining Companies in Australia Free-Sample for Students

Questions: 1.What are the Significant Business and Audit Risks for Mining Companies? You need to Explain at least five risks.2.What are the Specific reporting requirements (Standards and/laws or Regulations) for Mining Companies.3.Referring to the Financial Statements Data for 2016 and 2015 from the Annual Report, Analyse the year-to-year Changes in the Account Balances for at least Five financial Statement line items of Concern.4.Explain the Possible Financial Difficulties that the Company could Incur. Answers: an overview of the clients business and industry in which it operates. Alto Metal Limited is an Australian based public company listed on the Australian Securities Exchange. The primary operation of the company is the exploration of Uranium. In order to grow the business the company started advance search of gold and base metal projects. With the object to increase the business the company signed an agreement to purchase a company who was the owner of the Sandstone Gold Project, Sandstone Exploration Pty Ltd. Earlier the name of the company was Enterprise Uranium Limited and was listed on the securities exchange with the same name (Limited, AM 2016). After the completion of the purchase of Sandstone Gold Project the first objective of the company was to find such minerals resources which would contain at least one million ounces of gold. Strategise It is very important to know the area where the company had to focus. Hence a proper strategy was developed to identify the areas which would provide the company with the minerals with million ounce gold in it. In todays scenario the technology which is used for exploration of minerals is very important. The technology which is chosen for the working in the mining industries should be the ones which would save time and in that less time it should provide maximum outcome. The working environment provided to the employees of the company matter a lot in the growth of the company. The management focuses on providing the best working environment to its employees as it will in return give high results. 1.Any mining company cannot work without the permission of government. The interference of government had made it more difficult for such companies to work. Although the interference of the government is important at some level I such industries otherwise this would lead to a high level of fraud by the companies (Lake King, 2010). Government Interference: No company can deal in mining business without the prior permission of government. We understand that the interference of government is important at some level but such interference sometimes strands as obstacle in the growth of the company (Rakow, Reichelt Tiras, 2010). When the company have to approach to the government for every detail than the interference turns to be hindrance in the working. New Projects: The mining companies are mostly restricted to the one kind of work only. And in such business the working of the company is based on the particular type of mining. (Bigus, 2015). Capital Requirement: It is observed that the returns in the business of mining are not very frequent or fast. The profits which would be earned from the working of the company will be shown at a later stage. Such delay in the returns makes the company unable to raise capital at the time of need. It gets difficult for them to obtain money from the shareholders as the shareholders demand steady and frequent returns (Bordere, Ciccotello Grant, 2015). Labour: It is not easy to find labour to work for a mining company as there is a lot of risk of life involved in it. It is observed that the mining industry provide ample amount of employment but the shortage of labour leads to the downfall in the industry (Gourio, 2012). 2.It is observed during the study, that the permission of government is required for the working of any mining company. The basis on which the government provides such permits to the companies depends on the facts that whether the companies are compliant with various laws and standards. Following these standards is the responsibility of the companies as these laws protect the environment and the water bodies and consider the safety of the labours. Some of the mining laws and regulations and the standards of which are required to be complied by the companies are: Mining laws: the main law which govern the mining industries is the mining law. It is the branch of the main laws and is separated from the other laws as it governs only the mining industries. It governs that if the companies are working in accordance with various other laws or not and there is no fraudulent activity going on under the name of the mining. National Environmental Policy Act, 1969: The Act of National Environmental Policy was established in 1969. This law is based on the point that the companies which are indulged in mining process are following proper environmental protection policies. The aim of the Act is ensure that the industries are maintaining proper environmental consideration before taking up any mining project (Carrington Pereira, 2011). Clean Air Act, 1970: It is observed that the mining process leads to emergence of various pollutants in the air which would lead to many air born diseases. Under the Act the standards maintained are for the identification for the amount of pollution that the project on which the company is working produces. With this various steps to combat these pollutants is taken and if the company fails to work in accordance with the standards established will be under the great pressure to justify the same. Clean Water Act, 1977: There is discharge of toxic and non-toxic pollutants under the process of mining. The goal of the Act is to maintain the cleanliness level of the surface water and the same shall not mix with the various toxic and non-toxic pollutants (Mary Wendy, 2011). The disposal of the waste that is the outcome of the mining process is to be discharged at a place away from the water bodies or the surface water. Toxic Substances Control Act, 1977: Various hazardous chemicals and materials are discharged from the mining process. Such chemical substances are dangerous for the health and the same should be disposed or should be minimized at the initial level only. The Act works on the object of minimizing the extraction of such hazardous substances and had maintained standards for the same. Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, 1980: it is the responsibility of the company to clean up the site at which the work of mining is started. Special funds are provided in case when needed for the supervision and the cleanliness of the site. Various hazardous substances are detailed under this Act and way by which the same are to be disposed is discussed (Pearce et al., 2011). The area where the mining is done shall be cleaned and properly maintained after the work is done there. Mining and Quarrying Safety and Health Act, 1999: The safety of the labour working for the mining companies is very important. For this proper regulations are made which are required to be maintained by each company. Proper safety measures are to be taken by the companies so that the worker is safe and the safety measures shall be as mentioned in the Act. Income statement: Please find appendices The income of the company has decreased by 5.86 times The corporate expenses which are made for the growth of the company are reduced majorly about 43 times from the previous year. The expense made on the exploration of mines which is supposed to be the main business of the company had reduces by 40 times from the previous year. Even after the reduction in various expenses of the company the income had opt increased which ion return had resulted to losses even in the current year. Although, because of the reduction in the expenses in the current year the losses has also reduced about 48 times as compared to the previous year (Karanovic, Bogdan Baresa, 2010). Statement of financial position: Interpretation- From the above statement of financial position of Alto Metals Limited, it can be analysed that they have higher level of cash and cash equivalents. Therefore their current assets have been at higher side. Another peculiar point of statement of financial position is that their debtors are at lower side. For management of business operations Alto Metals Limited has been using only current liabilities. Alto Metals Limited is highly backed or supported by its internal funds or equity funds (Han, S., Rezaee, Xue Zhang, 2016). Alto Metals Limited is highly liquid business organisation as they are backed with more of current assets or cash cash equivalent. Ratio analysis Current-ratio 2016 = 3.64 times 2015 = 12.41 times (El-Dalabeeh, 2013) Net-profit-margin 2016 = (614.70 %) 2015 = 1114.09 % Debt-equity ratio 2016 = 0.04 times 2015 = 0.03 times Debtors day turnover 2016 = 5.50 days 2015 = 7.01 days Total assets to equity ratio 2016 = 1.04 times 2015 = 1.03 times 4.Explain the possible financial difficulties that the company could incur. The shareholder wants instant results but in the business of mining the results are not on time hence if the company needs to raise the funds in between the project then it gets difficult for them. Workforce Planning: in the business of mining it is difficult to the retain labour and workforce. The planning of the workforce is difficult. If the labour leaves in between the project then the recruitment of other labour in its place will require more cost which will be a part of loss for the company. Technological planning: Each day the technology gets upgraded and in order to gain better results it is important to stay updated with the technology which will be used for the mining process. This requires great amount of funds and financials (Njowa, Clay Musingwini, 2014). Risk management: the business of mining is associated with the great amount of risk. In order to reduce the same funds are required by the company. Such cost incurred by the company is called the contingency cost. Operational difficulties: the day to day expenses that are required by the mining business is also high. Hence there is a need of funds in order to combat the situation where the companies face the operational difficulties (Omar et al., 2014). Conclusion On the basis of ratio analysis of Alto Metal Limited, audit work can be accepted. Since Alto Metal Limited has been facing losses and operational structural imbalances therefore these are to be advised. Liquidity ratio has been showing adverse results as cash and cash equivalents have been largely accumulated. Debt-equity ratio reflects adverse results as they are backed with only internal funds or equity funds only. Total assets have been backed with internal or equity funds only therefore they are required to be advised on the same. There are some limitation of this report also that needs to be addressed so as overcome from them. In this report, analysis of significant risk has been stated and explained. Analysis technique of financial statements i.e. horizontal analysis of financial statements is another limitation. Ratio analysis has some inherent limitation that needs to be analysed and measures need to be undertaken for the same. References Aggarwal, N., Gupta, M. 2016, Returns from Financial Statement Analysis Among Low Book-to-Market Stocks: Evidence from India. IUP Journal of Applied Finance, vol 22, no. 2, pp 47-61. Bigus, J. 2015, Loss Aversion, Audit Risk Judgments, and Auditor Liability, European Accounting Review, vol. 24, no. 3, p 581. Bordere, X., Ciccotello, C., Grant, C. 2015. What Does "Say on Pay" Say about Audit Risk? Current Issues in Auditing, vol 9, no. 1, p A1. Carrington, K., Pereira, M., 2011, Assessing the social impacts of the resources boom on rural communities. Rural Society, vol 21, no. 1, pp 2-20. El-Dalabeeh, A, 2013, The Role of Financial Analysis Ratio in Evaluating Performance (Case Study: National Chlorine industry). Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, vol 5, no. 2, pp 13-28. Gourio, F., 2012, Disaster Risk and Business Cycles, The American Economic Review, vol 102, no. 6, pp 2734-2766. Grimm, Blazovich. 2016. Developing student competencies: An integrated approach to a financial statement analysis project. Journal of Accounting Education, vol 35, pp 69-101. Han, S., Rezaee, Z., Xue, L., Zhang, J. 2016. The association between information technology investments and audit risk. Vol 30, no. 1, p 93. Karanovic, G., Bogdan, S., Baresa, S, 2010, Financial Analysis Fundament for Assessment the Value of the Company UTMS Journal of Economics, vol 1, no. 1, pp 73-84. Lake, N., King, J. (2010). Keep the change: Reaping the rewards of high-risk investment. In Finance, vol 124, no. 3, pp 51-53. Limited, AM 2016, 'Alto Metals Limited, Annual Report', Annual Report, vol 1, no. 1, pp. 1-112. Mary Mindak, Wendy Heltzer. 2011, Corporate environmental responsibility and audit risk. Managerial Auditing Journal, vol 26, no. 8, pp 697-733. Njowa, G., Clay, A.N., Musingwini, C., 2014, A perspective on global harmonisation of major national mineral asset valuation codes.(Author abstract). Resources Policy, vol 39, no. 1. Omar, Normah, Sanusi, Zuraidah Mohd, Zulaikha, Johari, Amirah, Mohamed, Intan Salwani. 2014, Predicting financial stress and earning management using ratio analysis. Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences, vol 8, no. 8, p 183. Pearce, T., Ford, D., Prno, J., Duerden, D., Pittman, J., Beaumier, F., Smit, M., 2011, Climate change and mining in Canada. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, vol 16, no. 3, pp 347-368. Rakow, K., Reichelt, K., Tiras, S., 2010, Audit Switching Risk and Lending Decisions. Commercial Lending Review, vol 35, no. 38, pp 47-48.

Julius Caesar Essays (240 words) - , Term Papers

In the play of Julius Caesar, we see a brief picture of Roman life during the time of the First Triumvirate. In this snap shot, we see many unfortunate things. Shakespeare gives us the idea that many people try to circumvent what the future holds, such as unfortunate things, by being superstitious. Superstition seems to play a role in the basic daily life of most Roman citizens. For instance, the setting of the first scene is based upon superstition, the Feast of Lupercal. This feast is in honor of the god Pan, the queen of fertility. During this time, infertile females are supposed to be able to procreate, and fertile ones are supposed to be able to bear more. It is also a supposed time of sexual glorification and happiness. Other scenes depict how throughout Rome, roaming the streets are mysterious sooth-sayers, who are supposedly given the power to predict the future. Dictating what is to come through terse tidbits, these people may also be looked upon as superstitious. In the opening scene, one sooth-sayer, old in his years, warns Caesar to "Beware the Ides of March," an admonition of Caesar's impending death. Although sooth-sayers are looked upon by many as insane out of touch lower classmen, a good deal of them, obviously including the sayer Caesar encountered, are indeed right on the mark. Since they lack any formal office or shop, and they predict forthcomings without fee, one

Benji Franklin essays

Benji Franklin essays Benjamin Franklin made many contributions to the American Revolution and the newly formed federal government that followed the war. In addition to being an author, diplomat, and philosopher, Franklin was a scientist who created practical inventions like the bifocal lense, the stove, the chimney, the lightning rod, and the use of electricity as a power source. (Encarta) Franklin thrived in an era known as the Age of Enlightenment where knowledge was based more upon science and reason than religion. Benjamin Franklin ranks among the country's greatest statesmen. Although Franklin was a common man, who possessed some immoral flaws, he ascended to a leadership role in colonial America, Although not formally educated, having attended only two years of grammar school (Spectrum Biographies), Franklin was a very intelligent man. He was also an astute businessman. His business ventures included the purchasing of the Pennsylvania Gazette (Spectrum Biographies), which after his improvements was considered one of the best colonial newspapers in America. In addition to the Pennsylvania Gazette, he wrote the Poor Richards Almanac, which was much referred to by a colonial America. In 1731, Franklin founded the first public library in Pennsylvania. Several years after establishing the first public library, he established the first fire department, a police force (Morris), and the academy of Philadelphia, which is today known as the University of Pennsylvania. (Spectrum Biographies) In 1748, Franklin sold his printing business and two years later was elected to the Pennsylvania Assembly where he served for sixteen years. In 1753, Franklin was appointed deputy postmaste r general for the colonies. In 1754, he became a delegate from Pennsylvania to the intercolonial congress. Franklin served as an important diplomat during the American Revolution. He was sent by the colonial congress to England to petition the King for the right to levy ...

Discuss the impact of industrialization in 18th century Britain Essay

Discuss the impact of industrialization in 18th century Britain - Essay Example This was an encouraging wave for everyone around as they started to invest more, search more, invent more and got involved in much more economic activities than the past history. During the 18th century, through industrialization, the average income increased to over 10-folds especially in Great Britain. This was due to the ingenious inventions of machine based manufacturing that put the manual labor to rest and saved time and animal labor. This increased the rate of mining, textile production and helped in revolutionizing iron making methods. This industrial growth helped in creating trade routes within the country and outside of Great Britain during the 18th Century. The industry of railways and roads then went on a boom as through steam engines that helped in having faster trade as well as elevated the production, which helped in creating more jobs and more income for the people of Britain. 1 As people mostly wanted to live near their jobs, the concept of Urbanization then occurred and housing started to become more modified and work oriented. As the communication structure through roads was still going under the industrialization phase, people needed to be near to their jobs for faster access and more productivity. Mentally and socially, industrialization had a larger impact. While British public was starting to grow the malnutrition was becoming a problem. With having life expectancy of 35 year before the industrialization era, this Malthusian trap was then soon recovered through better agricultural practice and the life expectancy was increased to 40-45 years of age. Socially the per capita income through many other jobs increased and people around Britain started to live a prosperous life as compared to the 17th Century. Now having better housing facilities as compared to when people lived in shanties and shacks, this changed the people who moved into the

Executive Compensation Plan Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Executive Compensation Plan - Term Paper Example According to the principal-agent theory, there is a difference of interest between shareholders as principals and senior managers as agents. The best way to optimize performance of senior managers is to link their pay to the performance of the firm (McKnight & Tomkins, 1999). At McDonald's, the members of the top management are paid according to a reasonable salary, performance-based annual bonus, cash incentives, stock options and other perquisites or fringe benefits. Annual base salary takes into account the competitive market of managerial talents, individual performance, tenure in position and internal equity. The annual bonus is designed to reward growth in operating income as well as individual performance, which is measured against qualitative performance goals. The cash incentives focus on the company's performance measures that are important for success. Stock options and restricted stock units (RSUs) are given either at initial employment, during promotion, renewal or fully vested. (McDonald's Corporation, 2010) The table below summarizes the executive compensation program at McDonald's as well as the corresponding financial performance measure where such compensations were based. ... Growth in operating income Determined primarily on annual growth in operating income that focuses on revenue growth, recurring strong profit margins and high level of cash flow Annual Bonus Cash Incentives Return on total assets Operating income divided by average assets. Designed to measure the overall health of the business and measures the success of strategic decisions Cash Incentives Earnings per Share Compound annual growth indicates the effectiveness of strategic growth RSUs Share price Aligns the incentives of executives with the interest of the shareholder in increasing their investment value Stock Options RSUs Total Shareholder Return Ties the payouts to the overall shareholder return an investor would have received from investing in the company's stock. It rewards above-market performance and holds top executives accountable for below-market performance Cash Incentives Recommendations for Effective Strategy Implementation On business growth The success of implementing the strategy depends on the company's ability to anticipate and respond effectively to the global trends in the fast-food industry such as consumer spending patterns, demographic changes, consumer tastes and preferences. It is recommended that McDonald's regularly evaluate their menu choices, physical restaurant atmosphere and activity, and nutritional awareness programs in order to effectively communicate the values that the company promotes as well as inspire trust and confidence from the consumers. It is also recommended that the company improve its existing products and to promote new product lines in order to attain sustainable growth and system-wide sales. On operational excellence The strategies are designed and developed in order to make McDonald's

Cultural Differences Between Trinidad and Tobago

Cultural Differences Between Trinidad and Tobago You are a Tobagonian recently returned from your first trip to Trinidad where you spent two weeks. Record in your journal, the differences you have observed in the culture of the two islands. Based on your knowledge of the history of both islands, give explanations for those differences. In one entry you may also note any cultural similarities you observed. Today marks one week since I have returned from the wonderful island of Trinidad, which is the sister island of my homeland, Tobago. The islands are located on the northern edge of South America on the north-eastern coast of Venezuela. I have always wanted to visit Trinidad, since I have heard countless stories about the great experiences my family had there. Fortunately, I finally had the chance to create memorable experiences of my own, during a two week stay at the multi-cultural island, Trinidad. My trip started from February 24th and ended on March 9th. I arrived at Trinidad at approximately two o’clock during the day on Monday, the place was furiously heated, and the sun was scorching my skin as I waited on my Aunt to pick me up from the Port. I remembered taking a deep breathe of polluted air, yes, polluted. Usually, in Tobago the air is clean, fresh and uncontaminated, on the other hand, in Trinidad; the air seemed to be comprised of filth and pounds of dust. Neverthel ess, my Aunt picked me up at half past two, and that was when my journey to the exploration of the differences and similarities of the cultural attributes between Trinidad and Tobago had begun. As a result, the cultural experiences I observed or was exposed to in Trinidad, were the language used, the education system, the tradition of ‘keeping ah wake’, the celebration of Carnival and the diversity of religion. On the very first day of visiting Trinidad, the first cultural difference I observed between Trinidad and Tobago was the language that was spoken. On the way to my Aunt’s place, we stopped off to buy the most popular food in Trinidad, ‘doubles’. As I sat in the passenger’s seat, and waited for my aunt to buy the food, I observed the behaviour and language that the Trinidadians portrayed. Apparently, a man of the African descent has been waiting a long while for service from the doubles vendor, and this caused him to cuss out in an unpleasant manner. Also, I noticed his accent as well as the other buyers, had influences of the Indian, African, French and Spanish heritages (Chapter Five: Trinidad and Tobago Intercontinental Book Centre, 2014). This was quite interesting to me because the dialect in Tobago comes mostly from the African heritage. Also, Patois which is a variety of Spanish and French was once widely spoken in Trinidad until the end of the 1800à ¢â‚¬â„¢s, as a result; there are various traces of the language combined in the Trinidadian Creole English. Trinidadians and Tobagonians both speak Creole English; however, there is a difference with the use of grammar and pronunciation in which Trinidadians used (Language Facts About Trinidad and Tobago, 2014). In contrast, Tobagonian Creole English was derived from the French, Dutch and Courlander settlers (Trinidad and Tobago Speaking the Language | ExpatFocus.com, 2014), but the Tobago’s dialect is influenced predominantly by the Africans. On the second day of my visit to Trinidad, I observed the first similarity between the two islands which is the education system. After having breakfast at my Aunt Lisa’s place, we left to drop off her daughters, Sarah and Maria to their schools. On our way there, I noticed there were a lot of schools in Trinidad, from Primary schools to Tertiary Institutes. Sarah attended a Primary school and she was in the seventh year, therefore, she would be writing her final exam soon, to gain entry into a Secondary school. On the other hand, Maria is in the fifth year of Secondary school, and she will also be sitting a final exam to gain access into a Tertiary institute. After dropping off the two girls to their schools, Lisa and I were talking about how thankful we are that Trinidad and Tobago has an education system that is free for all. Luckily, in the past, education opportunities started to expand from 1852, in the 1970’s the secondary education system was established, vocati onal schools were opened and primary schools were fully integrated. Hence, the British system took charge of the education system of Trinidad and Tobago in the twentieth century, and now education is available to all elements of society (Trinidad and Tobago EDUCATION, 2014). The other similarity I observed between Trinidad and Tobago was experienced on the fourth day of my visit, which was the tradition of ‘keeping ah wake’. I was able to experience this tradition, not only in Tobago which is my homeland, but in Trinidad as well, and the tradition of a ‘wake’ is quite the same in both countries. On Friday morning, Lisa was notified of a death of one of her neighbours, an eighty two year old woman who was very kind to her and her family. Later that day, Lisa and I got dressed to attend the ‘wake’ at the neighbour’s home. Presently, a wake is the gathering of friends and relatives at the home of the deceased. We made a contribution of coffee and biscuits to the home, and other friends and relatives brought alcohol, tea and more coffee. As I got acquainted with the other neighbours that were present at the wake, I noticed a group of men were playing cards and drinking alcohol and the ladies were drinking tea and chatting amongst themselves. I was informed that the funeral of the old woman was to be held on the Sunday; therefore, every night until Sunday, the deceased home will be ‘holding a wake’. The word ‘wake’ originated from the Old English word ‘wacu’ which is related to the contemporary word ‘watch’. After two hours during the wake, everyone gathered together to engage in prayer for the passing of the old woman. Originally, â€Å"the wake was a prayer vigil where family and friends would pray for the soul of the deceased† (Wilton, 2004). Therefore, this family was sticking with the true tradition of ‘keeping ah wake’. Although, in the past, there was a misconception that people in many Celtic countries in Europe held a wake by placing the dead body on a table while relatives gathered around drinking alcohol and watched the dead body to see if it will wake up (Wilton, 2004). Nevertheless, in Trinidad and Tobago, à ¢â‚¬Ëœholding a wake’ is quite common when there is a death in a family. However, the association of prayer at a wake has become less significant, and it is more associated with social interactions. Fortunately, in Trinidad, I was able to witness the real tradition of ‘keeping ah wake’. On day eight, the second cultural difference between Trinidad and Tobago in which I experienced was the festival called Carnival. My family from Tobago always talked about their amazing experiences; however, my experience with Carnival at Trinidad was truly a disturbingly memorable one. Every year, my aunt and her family usually go to Port of Spain to look at the celebration, which comprises of colourful costumes, music, dance and public partying on the streets. We arrived at Port of Spain at approximately twelve o clock during the day on Carnival Tuesday, the sun was incredibly hot and I felt like my skin was almost blistering as I stood up to witness the display of the parade of the bands, with their multi-colour costumes on the masqueraders. In addition, they vulgarly danced along with the Soca music, which was a great annoyance to me. It was quite disturbing to see adults behave in such indecent and unacceptable behaviour in the presence of young children. Aside from the negative feedback I have on Carnival, the only aspect I actually enjoyed were the sight of the unique and beautiful costumes. Originally, Carnival was established by the French settlers in the 1700’s and was celebrated by the upper class people. As a result, the slaves of the island mimicked the celebrations of the French, and this was spread to all the freed slaves after the abolition of slavery. Therefore, they dressed with feathers and different costumes, and celebrated their freedom on the streets, hence, Carnival was established. In contrast, in Tobago, the island’s traditions and history are embraced, while the celebration is associated with speech bands, whip wielding devils known as ‘jab jabs’ and African drumming (Trinidad and Tobago The True Caribbean Official Travel and Tourism Site, 2014). All in all, I disliked my experience with Carnival in Trinidad, since the celebration was not about tradition, but it was more associated wit h vulgarity, and disorderly behaviour. Lastly, on the ninth day of my visit, I observed another cultural difference between Trinidad and Tobago, the diversity of religion. Trinidad is referred to as â€Å"a multi -cultural melting pot† (Trinidad and Tobago The True Caribbean Official Travel and Tourism Site, 2014). When I visited Trinidad, I had the opportunity to attend a Hindu prayers held by my relatives on the Wednesday after Carnival, in which Hindus gathered at a temple, to worship their Gods. I observed that women were dressed in beautifully sequenced Indian wear while the males dressed in plain white cotton cloth. The ceremony was held for two hours, and everyone clapped their hands while they sang and recite chants, and the musicians at the front were gracefully beating the drum called a ‘tabla’ together with the soft sound of the harmonium. Also, I observed that not only were Indians present in the temple, but people of the African descent as well. This particular Hindu ceremony was definit ely interesting to me because in Tobago I was never able to attend any prayers other than Christian. Also, on that same day, on my way to the prayers, I noticed there were a lot of people attending Christian churches; this was due to the festivity called Lent. Compared to Tobago, Trinidad is certainly more diverse in religion and culture, and this is mainly because of the historical upbringings and heritages. For instance, the Roman Catholics were the first religious group to arrive in Trinidad in 1498, Africans were brought to the island due to the slave trade in 1797, and in 1845 the indentured labourers consisting of mostly Hindus and Muslims were also brought to the island (Culture (Trinidad), 2014). Hence, there are still traces in the elements of the religions from the past, and represented in Trinidad. On the other hand, in Tobago, I don’t usually see people of other religions, different from Christian, because Tobago’s population remained predominantly of the African descent. Therefore, there is not diversity in religion in Tobago, as there is in Trinidad (Culture (Trinidad), 2014). In conclusion, Trinidad and Tobago are two magnificent islands that share many similarities and differences in terms of cultures. Fortunately, I was able to experience a few of the cultural attributes of Trinidad, during my two weeks stay. Thus, on the first day, I experienced/observed that the language used in Trinidad is slightly different to Tobago’s language since the language in Trinidad is influenced by a larger variety of heritages than Tobago. In addition, on the second day I noticed a great similarity in the education system of both islands, since education is free for all from the primary level education onwards and the structure of the system is the same as well, due to the model of the British system. Also, of the fourth day I was able to experience the true tradition of a ‘wake’, which was originated by the Europeans. Alternatively, on the eighth day of my visit, I experienced the celebration of the famous Trinidad Carnival, which is more ostentatious , colourful, and indecent compared to Tobago, where the celebration is more traditional and laid back. Subsequently, on the ninth day, I realised that Trinidad is more diverse in terms of religion rather than Tobago due to the various heritages left behind in the past by immigrants. All in all, my experience of the visitation of Trinidad was quite memorable, and I am now aware of the cultural similarities and differences, along with its historical significance. REFERENCES Chapter Five: Trinidad and Tobago Intercontinental Book Centre. (2014). Retrieved March 23, 2014, from Sites.google.com: https://sites.google.com/site/intercontinentalbookcentre/a-look-at-the-caribbean-and-its-people-and-culture/chapter-five-trinidad-and-tobago Chapter Five: Trinidad and Tobago Intercontinental Book Centre. (2014). Retrieved March 23, 2014, from Sites.google.com: https://sites.google.com/site/intercontinentalbookcentre/a-look-at-the-caribbean-and-its-people-and-culture/chapter-five-trinidad-and-tobago Culture (Trinidad). (2014). Retrieved March 23, 2014, from Bestoftrinidad.com: http://www.bestoftrinidad.com/culture.html Language Facts About Trinidad and Tobago. (2014). Retrieved March 23, 2014, from Amazing-trinidad-vacations.com: http://www.amazing-trinidad-vacations.com/facts-about-trinidad.html Trinidad and Tobago EDUCATION. (2014). Retrieved March 22, 2014, from Countrystudies.us: http://countrystudies.us/caribbean-islands/43.htm Trinidad and Tobago History Background. (2014). Retrieved March 22, 2014, from Education.stateuniversity.com: http://education.stateuniversity.com/pages/1541/Trinidad-Tobago-HISTORY-BACKGROUND.html Trinidad and Tobago Speaking the Language | ExpatFocus.com. (2014). Retrieved March 23, 2014, from Expatfocus.com: http://www.expatfocus.com/expatriate-trinidad-tobago-language Trinidad and Tobago The True Caribbean Official Travel and Tourism Site. (2014). Retrieved March 23, 2014, from Gotrinidadandtobago.com: http://www.gotrinidadandtobago.com/trinidad/carnival/ Wilton, D. (2004). The Elizabethan E-mail Hoax. In Word Myths: debunking linguistic urban legends (p. 74). New York: Oxford University Press, Inc.

Haunted House in Maine Essay -- Ghost Stories Urban Legends

Haunted House in Maine The story I collected entails a house in Maine that was experiencing strange occurrences with no reasonable explanation. The ostensible answer was a supernatural presence. The story was recounted by a family member trying to remember how the story went. It was told to her when she was younger, and she heard the story first hand from her relatives who experienced the phenomena. While telling me the story many years later, she remembered many details and events. My relatives who live in Maine had a ghost in their house. They started hearing foot-steps around their house and they think it was the previous owner of the house; I can’t remember his name, but he died. One of the stories was their younger daughter asks her mom, â€Å"who was that man who tucked me in last night†. They heard some foot falls in the attic. The daughter kept waking up in the middle of the night and the music box kept opening. Once, the wife was doing laundry in the middle of the night, felt something on her back and heard foot steps in the room and she freaked out. Often they would return home to new wood being put in the fireplace even though it was never used and behind locked doors. They eventually said out loud, â€Å"Please leave† and foot steps were heard walking out of the house and no other events occurred. While the story was told, there were many pauses while the storyteller tried to remember details of the haunting. She made few gestures; the majority of the story involves separate actions performed by the ghost without a constant plot. This fragmented tale left little in the form of suspense and presented the tale as a factual occurrence and not merely a performance being put on by the teller. While looking into other acc... ...ween the house that he loved so much and a burning desire to continue living there. From his continuous loyalty to the house, this story suggests one’s presence lingers on in the places where you dedicate your life, even after you’re gone. The owner continues to feed the fire and look after the inhabitants. He doesn’t leave the house until they ask him to, suggesting a pleasing spirit which is unconcerned with its own needs. This unique story of a residence being haunted only until the ghost is asked to leave creates a different image from the typical ghost haunting until the inhabitants are driven crazy. The residents thought the ghost more of an annoyance than a threat, and when they asked him to leave; he did so without a fight. By performing no physical harm to any of the individuals and being mostly just foot steps in the dark, this was not a typical haunting.

American fast food restaurant Essay

Subway is an American fast food restaurant franchise that primarily sells submarine sandwiches (subs) and salads. It is owned and operated by Doctor’s Associates, Inc. Subway is one of the fastest growing franchises in the world with 40,229 restaurants in 102 countries and territories as of 11 September 2013.[1] It is the largest single-brand restaurant chain and the largest restaurant operator globally.[3][4][5] Subway’s main operations office is in Milford, Connecticut; five regional centers support Subway’s growing international operations. The regional offices for European franchises are located in Amsterdam, Netherlands; the Australia and New Zealand locations are supported from Brisbane, Australia; the Asian locations are supported from offices located in Beirut, Lebanon, and Singapore; and the Latin America support center is in Miami, Florida.[6] Contents [hide] 1 History 1.1 Early history 2 Products 2.1 Regional variations 2.2 Nutritional content 3 Advertising 3.1 $5 footlongs 3.2 Sub Club 4 Controversies 4.1 Sandwich size 4.2 Franchise relations 4.3 UK VAT treatment 4.4 Casey’s trademark case against Subway 5 References 6 External links History Early history Subway’s original logo used from 1965 to 2002. In 1965, Fred DeLuca borrowed $1,000 from friend Peter Buck to start â€Å"Pete’s Super Submarines† in Bridgeport, Connecticut, and in the following year they formed Doctor’s Associates Inc to oversee operations of the restaurants as the franchise expanded.[7] The holding company derives its name from Fred DeLuca’s goal to earn enough from the business to pay tuition for medical school, as well as Peter Buck’s having a doctorate in physics.[8] Doctor’s Associates is not affiliated with, nor endorsed by, any medical organization.[9] In 1968, the sandwich shop began using the name â€Å"Subway† for the first time.[7] Subway restaurant, Pittsfield Township, Michigan The first Subway on the West Coast was opened in Fresno, California in 1978. [10] The first Subway outside of North America opened in Bahrain, in December 1984.[11]In 2004, Subway began opening stores in Walmart supercenters, and surpassed the number of McDonald’s locations inside US Walmart stores in 2007.[12]

China a Cultural Analysis - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 20 Words: 6003 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/09/21 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: China Essay Did you like this example? Introduction China is one of the world’s major countries. It’s situated in central and East Asia. It’s known because of its rich population, a rising economic super power and its different style of management. China is a country with golden history. Especially, its Chinese Revolution brought a lot of progress in all its sectors. . World politics is becoming even more dynamic and different blocs are emerging in the world. These blocs are of multiple nature, among them are the countries, which are although included in developing countries, but they are trade winners. Their G. D. P rate is increasing continuously. So is the case with china. China is an emerging nation. Experts say that its GDP rate will cross the GDP rate of America until 2001. With more than 4000 years of history, China has the oldest civilization. In Ancient times, Xia Tribe, establish a state in the area of the Huang He River (Yellow River) basin. The tribesmen, believing that this was the center of the world, called this state the â€Å"Middle Kingdom† and regarded the surrounding areas as peripherals. Thus China has been known by this name even after the 1911 Revolution which abolished the feudal monarchy and gave birth to the Republic of China. Further again in 1949, after a long struggle, the Chinese communist party under the leadership of chairman Mao Zedong led the Chinese people of all nationalities to over throw the rule of imperialism, feudalism, and capitalism, gaining victory for the new democratic revolution and establishing the â€Å"People’s Republic of China†. From then Chinese people took control of their country’s fate and became its masters. For centuries China stood as a leading civilization, outpacing the rest of the world in the arts and sciences, but in the 19th and early 20th centuries, the country was beset by civil unrest, major famines, military defeats, and foreign occupation. After World War II, the Co mmunists under MAO Zedong established an autocratic socialist system that, while ensuring Chinas sovereignty, imposed strict controls over everyday life and cost the lives of tens of millions of people. After 1978, MAOs successor DENG Xiaoping and other leaders focused on market-oriented economic development and by 2000 output had quadrupled. Main Facts about China Official Name | People’s Republic Of China| Capital | Beijing | Area | total: 9,596,961 sq kmland: 9,569,901 sq kmwater: 27,060 sq km| Population | 1,330,141,295 (July 2010 est. ) | Population growth rate| 0. 494% (2010 est. )| Birth Rate | 6. 89 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est. ) | Death Rate| 6. 89 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est. )| Currency | Chinese Yuan | Religion | Taoism; Confucianism; Buddhism; Christianity; Islam. | Literacy | total population: 90. 9%male: 95. 7%female: 87. 6%| Source: www. cia. gov Economic overview Chinas economy during the past 30 years has changed from a centrally planned system that was largely closed to international trade to a more market-oriented economy that has a rapidly growing private sector and is a major player in the global economy. Reforms started in the late 1970s with the phasing out of collectivized agriculture, and expanded to include the gradual liberalization of prices, fiscal decentralization, increased autonomy for state enterprises, the foundation of a diversified banking system, the development of stock markets, the rapid growth of the non-state sector, and the opening to foreign trade and investment. Now China is characterized as a potential superpower by a number of academics, military analysts, and public policy and economics analysts. It is now the worlds third largest economy, after the United States and Japan. Below is the economic overview of China GDP( Purchasing Power Parity | $8. 789 trillion (2009 est. )| GDP- Real growth rate| 8. 7% (2009 est. )| GDP- Per Capita (PPP)| $6,600 (2009 est. )| GDP- Composition By Sector| agriculture: 10. 6%industry: 46. 8%services: 42. 6% (2009 est. )| Stock of money | $2. 434 trillion (31 December 2008)| Unemployment rate| 4. 3% (September 2009 est. | Current account balance | $297. 1 billion (2009 est. )| Source: www. cia. gov Culture of China The  Culture of China  is one of the worlds oldest and most complex cultures. The area in which the culture is dominant covers a large geographical region in eastern Asia with customs and traditions varying greatly between towns, cities and  provinces. Chinese culture has several distinct elements. In this report we are going to cover the following elements of Chinese culture. Language Religion Values Customs Language(Verbal)[1] Chinese now has earned itself greater status in the World. About one-fifth of the world’s population, or over one billion people, speak some form of Chinese as their native language. The Chinese language has over 400 dialects in continental China alone. The people of each province have a special dialect, and then the people of each city, town, and village have their own special dialect as well. However the official national spoken language of China (except in Hong Kong and Macau) is Standard Mandarin. Over 90% of Chinese people speak Mandarin, but also may very likely speak another dialect. Standard Mandarin has eight dialects. They are Beijing Mandarin Northeastern Mandarin Ji Lu Mandarin Jiao Liao Mandarin Xhongyuan Mandarin Lan Yan Mandarin Southwesten mandarin Jianghuai Mandarin 1. Source:en. wikipedia. org Chinese spoken language The Sinitic languages, often synonymous with the Chinese languages, are a language family frequently postulated as one of two primary branches of Sino-Tibetan. The Bai language may be Sinitic (classification is difficult); otherwise Sinitic is equivalent to the Chinese languages, and often used in opposition to Chinese dialects to convey the idea that these are distinct languages rather than dialects of a single lang uage. There are Chinese spoken languages and the number of people who are using these languages in speaking. Differences between English and Mandarin language There is a very clear distinction between English and Chinese language. The two languages are of two different language families, English comes from Indo-European and Chinese from Sino-Tibetan, this gives rise to many more differences in mode of expression, grammar, syntax, meaning system. The major differences between Chinese and English are as follows. Point of Differences| Mandarin| English| Phonology| It uses the pitch of a phoneme sound to distinguish word meaning. In English, changes in pitch are used to emphasize or express emotion, not to give a different word meaning to the sound. | Alphabet| Chinese does not have an alphabet but uses a logographic system for its written language. | There have specific set of alphabets| Tense ; Verbs| Uninflected language and conveys meaning through word order. | English much infor mation is carried by the use of auxiliaries and by verb inflections: is/are/were. | Articles| Don’t use| Use Articles| Phrasal Verbs| Don’t use | Use Phrasal Verbs e. g. give in, put on etc. | Source: https://esl. fis. edu Language(Non-verbal)[2] Nonverbal language is the process of communication of sending and receiving wordless messages through gestures, posture, touch or by facial expression and eye contact. Every culture has some form of non-verbal language that conveys certain messages to other people which if not understood, can be quite confusing for the people of another culture. Chinese non-verbal form of communication has a few distinguishing signs which are quite shocking for a culture like ours. For example To show curiosity When Chinese people find something is curious, they may glare blankly at it for too long. For mourning In China, people will cry sadly at the funeral rites. According to Chinese culture, people who don’t cry when attending the funeral are not filial persons. To show anger When people get angry or irritated over someone’s craziness or foolishness they usually make a circular motion near the temple or ear to show that someone is crazy, because to the psychology, crazy man is something wrong with his brain. But in China it is just a gesture of thinking. To point at something Where we use the index finger to point at something. Chinese people use an open palm. It is considered offensive to point a finger at someone in China. . Source: (Cultural differences in Body Language Huan Jianfei) Religion [3] The Peoples Republic of China was established in 1949. Its government is officially atheist, which viewed religion as emblematic of feudalism and foreign colonialism. Religious belief or practice was banned because it was regarded as backward and superstitious by some of the communist leaders, from Vladimir Lenin to Mao Zedong, who had been critical of religious institutions. This policy relaxed consid erably in the late 1970s at the end of the Cultural Revolution and more tolerance of religious expression has been permitted since the 1980s. The 1978 Constitution of the Peoples Republic of China guarantees freedom of religion†. However, the Chinese government has also banned certain new religious movements such as the Falun Gong and Xiantianism in recent times. At present there are five recognized religions by the state, namely Buddhism, Taoism, Islam, Catholicism, and Protestantism. The religious practice called as Confucianism is now regarded as an ethical and philosophical system rather as a religion. Religious Distribution Description 3. Source:https://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Religion_in_china, https://www. mf. org/omf/uk/asia/china/about_china/china_profile, https://www. mapsofworld. com/china/china-culture/religion-in-china. html Buddhism is a religion and philosophy encompassing a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices, largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha. Buddhism spread from India to China some 2,000 years ago and is the largest organized religion in China since its introduction in 1st Century Confucianism is a Chinese ethical and philosophical system developed from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It is a complex system of moral, social, political, philosophical, and quasi-religious thought that has had tremendous influence on the culture and history of East Asia. It might be considered a state religion of some East Asian countries, because of governmental promotion of Confucian philosophies. Taoism (or Daoism) refers to a variety of related philosophical and religious traditions that have influenced Eastern Asia for more than two millennia. The word Tao roughly translates as, path or way (of life). Taoism has a history of over 1,700 years in China. There are numerous Taoist temples and priests in China even now Islam is followed by ten National minoritie s in China . Islam was introduced in China in the 7th Century and even now there are several mosques in China served by the Imams. Catholicism is the term referring to Christians and churches belonging to the Roman Catholic Church. Catholicism was introduced in the 7th century; it became popular only after the Opium War. There are around 4,600 churches now in China. Protestantism is one of the four major divisions within Christianity. Protestantism gained ground in China with the end of the Opium War and presently there are around 10 million Protestants in China. Values and Beliefs [4] The Chinese people have strong values and beliefs that have been developed for thousands of years. The Chinese are strongly influenced by the Confucian Philosophy. As a result their values and beliefs reflect Confucian beliefs and values. The chief values of Chinese people that can be pointed out are * Moralities: Chinese develop their moralities into several areas: for the nation, for the family, for the friend, for others, and for the society. They have been taught to be loyal to their nation, and even the leader of the nation. * Charity: Chinese believe that all humans are born with kindheartedness, so they treat others peacefully and their ideal society is the world without arguments, fighting, stealing, and robberies. * Ethic of the family: Everybody is raised by the family. The family becomes the center of Chinese peoples life. The influence of the concept is that there are seldom arguments in the family. Children are filial and respect their parents, show love and respect to brothers and sisters. Parents get taken good care by their children when they are old. Veneration for intellectuals: In traditional Chinese social position, the intellectual is always in the highest level, then the farmer, the worker, and the businessman is the lowest. 4. Source: https://cid-b1ed5e535d30c0d7. spaces. live. com/blog/cns! B1ED5E535D30C0D7! 453. entry Chinese business culture and practice The Chinese business practice is vastly different from the Western method that most of us may be used to. Nevertheless, with the reform of Chinese economy in the past 30 years Chinese business practice are now beginning to align with more conventional methods. However, China will always have their own unique business culture and etiquette, given their unique history and background. In this section we are attempting to illustrate the Chinese business culture and practices. This section contains: Geert Hofstede analysis of China, Chinese business customs, management practices, negotiation tactics. Geert Hofstede Analysis of China[5] Geert Hofstede is an influential Dutch organizational sociologist, who studied the interactions between national cultures and organizational cultures. Geert Hofstede found five dimensions upon studying the culture of different societies. Analysis of China by Geert hofstede reveals the following characteristics of Chinese people. Power Distan ce: This dimension measures how much the less powerful members of institutions and organizations expect and accept that power is distributed unequally. China scores 80 in Power Distance which is very high if compared to other countries of the world. Because of this high score * Decisions are taken mainly by top management. * Decisions taken by top management are readily accepted by employees. * Moving up the corporate ladder becomes very hard. 5. Source: https://www. geert-hofstede. om/hofstede_china. shtml, Cross-cultural challenges when doing business in China by Zhang Zigang Singapore Management Review January 1 2004 Individualism: This dimension measures how much members of the culture define themselves apart from their group memberships. China is low in individualism. Individualism score is only 20. As a result * They follow â€Å"we† concept rather than â€Å"I† concept. * Depend more on groups or institutions to determine what they should do and emphasise loyal ty to the group. * More likely to cooperate with others to avoid risks and reduce responsibilities. Appreciate duty to the group and harmony among its members while pursuing personal goals is viewed rather negatively Masculinity: The value placed on traditionally male or female values and the role differentiation in a society. China scores 66 in Masculinity. This shows there is still differentiation and discrimination between male and female. Uncertainty Avoidance: How much members of a society are anxious about the unknown, and as a consequence, attempt to cope with anxiety by minimizing uncertainty. China is low in uncertainty avoidance. Uncertainty avoidance score is only 30. Therefore- * Managers don’t plan much; when they plan it tends to be much relaxed. * Don’t think much about minute details of the contractual relationship. * More readily accepts change * They prefer more experimental jobs. Long-Term Orientation: A societys time horizon† or the importa nce attached to the future versus the past and present. Chinese people are very long term oriented. Their score in this dimension is 118. * They prefer to know a client well at first then they starts dealing. * Initially focus more effort on building social relations. * Tend to continue relationship with a business partner for a long period of time. Chinese business customs[6] Chinese business customs differ greatly from the west. They have specific decorum for every aspect of business related tasks like greeting, seating, dress code, gift giving, eating etc. Greetings: When greeting each other or meeting acquaintances nodding of the head or shaking hands is acceptable. This applies to greetings between the same sexes and the opposite sexes. A handshake may linger for longer than is normal in Western culture this is a gesture of respect. Dress: Chinese tend to dress formally. Therefore when they say `informal, they expect you to wear a shirt, tie and pants, but never shorts. White is used for funerals it is to be avoided. Red, suggests power, prosperity and authority, and is the preferred color in China. Names: Chinese place the surname (family name) first then the personal name. Women normally keep their own family name. Unless invited to do so use of personal names or nicknames should be avoided. Punctuality: Punctuality is important, as it can be interpreted as a measure of courtesy and professionalism. Gifts: It is appropriate that gifts should be given on the appropriate occasion, such as the farewell banquet or at the conclusion of an important introductory meeting. The gift should be made as a formal presentation to the entire group as a gesture of goodwill and friendship. Extremely valuable gifts shouldn’t be given because; the Chinese may take it with suspicion which can cause undesirable consequences. Additionally, there are certain things that should never be given as gifts. Such as a clock, a handkerchief, an umbrella, or any white flowers. All these objects represent death in the Chinese culture. Business cards: The Chinese are very keen about exchanging business cards. When presenting or receiving a business card, both hands should be used. It is considered rude to write on the business card. It is polite to admire and read what is on the card before putting it away. The business card’s one side should be in English and the other in Chinese. Eating: While eating, the host usually serves food for the guest, introduces the origin of special food and indicates how to eat it. Start eating when the host starts. One may leave food on the plate by making excuses or politely refusing. Drinking: It is customary for guests to drink only when making or receiving toasts. When the Chinese make toasts, both parties are expected to drink. The cup is held in the right hand, and it is polite to place the left hand as if supporting the cup. The first toast is frequently a general one with everyone drinking toget her, perhaps with the arrival of the first dish. After this, it is standard practice for everyone at the table to toast all others. Conversation: Controversial issues like Taiwan, Tibet should be avoided in conversation. Although Japan and China are neighboring countries praising Japan too much in front of Chinese people can make conversation argumentative so this should be avoided as well. Saying ‘No’ is normally regarded as Impolite. So Instead of saying ‘No’ one should respond to Chinese with answers like ‘Inconvenient’ â€Å"Under consideration’ ‘Maybe’ or ‘That might be difficult’ etc. Chinese people also do the same in this case. 6. .Source:https://www. austcham. org/page/china-business/doing-business-in-china/understanding-business-etiquette-in-china/ Differences between business culture of East and West[7] The following table presents some of the differences between how the Chinese and the Western in dividuals think about culture and values. Cultural Values Expressed| West (America most European countries)| East (The Chinese and Most Asian cultures)| Type of Logic| Linear (More causal relationships and direct associations between A and B)| Spiral (more roundabout and subtle) | Expression of Agreement and Disagreement| More argumentative, willing to express disagreement verbally| More difficult to say no even if one means no, disagreement expressed nonverbally| Communication of Information | More meaning is in the explicit, verbal message. Use of direct language| Meaning is often implied or must be inferred Use of indirect language patterns| Expression of Honesty | More overt, one is more likely to ask the person to speak their mind or get it out on the table | Subtle, nonverbal | Expression of Self | I-oriented | We-oriented| Thinking Orientation | More rule based or based on application of abstract principles such as regulations or laws | Tends to take context and the specific situation into account in rule interpretation | The Individual | Has to have rights and greater need for autonomy and individual achievement | Group duty ,preservation of harmony | Nature of the Business Relationship| Less important, tend to substitute relationship for written agreement, superficial, easy to form, not long lasting | Most important business cannot occur until relationship if sound, written agreement secondary to quan xi, hard to form, long lasting| Conflict Resolution | Trial or confrontation, use of lawyers and courts| More mediation though trusted third parties| 7. Source:https://www. legacee. com/Culture/CultureOverview. html Management practice in China[8] Management is a set of activities (Including planning, organizing, leading and controlling) directed at an organization’s resources with the aim of achieving organizational goals in an efficient and effective manner. Chinese management practice is described in brief below. Planning in China Pla nning organization| Long-term orientation. | Decision Making| Centralized decision making by few people. | Level of Involvement? | Involvement of few people at higher level. | Where are decisions initiated? Decisions flow from the top to down| How quickly are decisions made| Slow decision-making : fact implementation of the decision| How quick is the decision implementation| Quick Implementation| Organizing in China Who is responsible for activities? | Collective responsibility and accountability| How clear are the responsibilities| Clear and specific decision responsibility| Structure of organization| Formal organization structure | Nature of Organizational Culture| Well-known common organization culture and Philosophy| Identification with what? | Identification with the company but not so much with profession| Staffing in China When are people hired ? Young people hired out of school, no mobility of people among companies| How much advancement wanted? | Slow promotion through the ranks| Loyalty is to whom? | Loyalty to the company| How is performance evaluation done? | Very infrequent performance evaluation for new employees| What type of results are appraised ? | Appraisal of long-term performance| How are promotion allowed? | Promotion based on multiple criteria| How is training and development done? | Training and development considered a long-term investment| What is the basis of remuneration? | Lifetime employment common in large. | Level of Job security| High| Leading in China How does the leader react? Leader acting as decision-maker and head of the group| What style of management is followed? | Participative style| How do values of individuals function in teams? | Common values facilitating cooperation| How is confrontation done? | Communication primarily top-down. | Nature of communication| Up-bottom communication| 8. Source: www. amcy5. com/projects/marketing/amcy37. htm Controlling in China Who Controls? | Control by superior| What is the focus of controlling? | Control focus on group performance| Is blame fixing done? | Blame fixing is avoided; rather face saving is done. | Use of Quality Circles| Increasing use of quality control circles| Decision making [9] Decision making is vastly different in western and Chinese business cultures * In the West it is seen as positive if you can gather and process information quickly for rapid decision making. * The Chinese prefer instead to deliberate, even on decisions that may seem simple, which can cause decisions to take a long time * It is unlikely you will convert a prospect at the first meeting * Decisions are unlikely to be made during the meetings you attend * Ask for feedback, discuss the issue and explain your thinking to avoid looking as though you have made a snap decision * Being included in the decision-making process is important to the Chinese culture 8. Source: https://www. rsmi. om/attachments/approved/chinese-business-practices etiquette/en/Chinesebusinesspractices_w . pdf Negotiation in China [9] Chinese Negotiation practice contains eight elements they are Guanxi (personal connections) Chinese businesspeople prize relationships among friends, relatives, and close associates. Favors are always remembered and returned, though not necessarily right away. Ignoring reciprocity is considered immoral. Zhongjian ren (the intermediary) An intermediary is essential during meetings with strangers. This trusted business associate connects you with his trusted associate, creating a personal link to your target organization or executive. Intermediaries interpret negotiators’ moods, body language, and facial expressions. They—not the negotiators—first raise business issues for discussion, and often settle differences. Shehui dengji (social status) Casualness about social status doesn’t play among people who value obedience and deference to superiors. Sending a low-level representative to a high-level negotiation can kill a dea l. Renji hexie (interpersonal harmony) Relationships of equals are cemented through friendships and positive feelings, generated during months of home visits and long dinners. Any attempt to do business without first establishing harmony is rude. Zhengti guannian (holistic thinking) Chinese discuss all issues simultaneously in apparently haphazard order—emphasizing the whole package over details. Nothing is settled until everything is. This holistic thinking contrasts with Westerners’ linear approach— Westerner’s think sequentially and individualistically, breaking up complex negotiation tasks into a series of smaller issues: price, quantity, warranty, delivery, and so forth. Chinese negotiators tend to talk about those issues all at once, skipping among them, and, from the Western’ point of view, seemingly never settling anything and spawns the greatest tension between negotiating teams. Jiejian (thrift) Chinese bargain intensely over price, pa dding offers with room to maneuver and using silence and patience as tactics. They expect both sides to make concessions—often after weeks of haggling. 9. Source: The Chinese Negotiation by John L. Graham and N. Mark Lam Harvard Business Review article Mianzi (â€Å"face† or social capital) A broken promise or display of anger or aggression causes mutual loss of face—disastrous to any deal. Chiku nailao (endurance, relentlessness) Chinese prize relentless hard work. They prepare diligently for negotiations and expect long bargaining sessions. Demonstrate your endurance by asking many questions, doing your research, and showing patience. Suggestion for negotiating with the Chinese * The Chinese are renowned for being tough negotiators. When negotiating one must show compromise so their negotiators feel they have gained concessions. * Only senior members of the group should speak during Negotiations. * Short, simple, sentences should be used when speaking and j argon and slang should be avoided. * A great deal of research regarding subject matter should be done prior to meeting. * Use of high pressure tactics should be avoided. * Decisions may take a long time. So one should refrain from mentioning deadlines, be patient, show little emotion and calmly accept that delays will occur. Conclusion China is a country with lots of unique features. It is quite unique in many aspects. It has a very long golden history behind it. The history goes beyond even the birth of Christ. It has a very strong and deep-rooted cultural and historical background. In addition to this the country have a very different life style. Its religions, customs, and its society are much different than the other parts of this world. Apart from its social, historical and traditional aspects China has got a unique way of managing things and doing the business. It has its own set of norms and values that are very much deep rooted in its every day life. The Chinese way of ma naging the things have got a deep impact of culture on them. Chinese plan, organize and work in a very different manner. Their way of interacting with each other and their way of evaluating each other is also very much different. Chinese give more importance to known material than the material values as they evaluate and get work from others. Chinese management style is very much different than the rest of management styles in the world. Their management style has different criteria of managing the things, doing the things and evaluating the things. There work pattern and working environment is also much more different than the rest working environments of world. Chinese attitudes and there orientation towards management is very much specific and it has got a different way of achieving results. Chinese are very much conscious about their values and it is very much opposite to the west. Chinese give more importance to norms and values than money. In west money is the god but Ch inese will never be ready to sacrifice their any of value, norm or tradition just for the sake of money. The final lesson that we can derive from Chinese is that only continuous hard work in a proper direction will lead to happiness and prosperity. There is no short cut to continuous handwork. Appendix Mao Zedong: A Chinese revolutionary, political theorist and communist leader. He led the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) from its establishment in 1949 until his death in 1976. His theoretical contribution to Marxism-Leninism, military strategies, and his brand of Communist policies are now collectively known as Maoism. Deng Xiaoping: A Chinese politician, statesman, theorist, and diplomat. As leader of the Communist Party of China, Deng was a reformer who led China towards a market economy. Huang He River: The second-longest river in China and the sixth-longest in the world at the estimated length of 5,464 kilometers (3,395 mi). Falun Gong: A system of beliefs and practices founde d in China by Li Hongzhi in 1992. Western academics have described Falun Gong as a spiritual movement based on the teachings of its founder. Xiantianism: A religious system that encompasses five religious groups of Chinese origin. They claim to strive for the unification of Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, Christianity and Islam. Quality Circles: A volunteer group composed of workers (or even students), usually under the leadership of their supervisor (but they can elect a team leader), who are trained to identify, analyze and solve work-related problems and present their solutions to management in order to improve the performance of the organization, and motivate and enrich the work of employees. Quality circles were first established in Japan in 1962; Kaoru Ishikawa has been credited with their creation. According to Wikipedia there are more than 20 million Quality Circles in China. Case Study-1: Chinese Negotiation Volkswagen (VW), the first overseas carmaker in China, is the o nly foreign manufacturer to have been making a profit in China over the past ten years. It all began in October 1984, when VW signed a joint venture agreement with China. One of the country’s first major joint venture agreements, it involved several government authorities, including the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Cooperation (MOFTEC, now MoCom), the State Planning Commission, the State Economic Commission, the Ministry of Finance, the Bank of China (BOC), the Municipal Government of Shanghai, and the China National Automobile Industry Corporation (CNAIC). A manufacturing facility was built in Shanghai, and VW’s partners were Shanghai Tractor and Automobile Corporation (STAC), with a twenty-five percent share, as well as the BOC, Shanghai Trust and Consultant Company, and the CNAIC, which together had a twenty-five percent share. VW was approached by the China National Technical Import Corporation in 1977, and in 1978 a Chinese delegation visited VW headquarters i n Wolfsburg, Germany. The first VW delegation went to Beijing in 1979. So there were six years of negotiations, involving at least seven parties on the Chinese side, and major contracts were negotiated, including a joint venture contract, a technology transfer agreement, articles of association, supply agreements, and a planning agreement. According to Heinz Bendlin, one of the original VW negotiators with China, even in the early days the Chinese behaved courteously. He has commented as follows: I learned in China that foreigners tend to have a typical mode of behavior. They want to achieve results quickly, get answers to all their queries, and immediately come up with solutions to problems. But in China one has to be patient and be prepared to spend considerable time solving problems step by step, or ibu ibu, as the Chinese say. Setting deadlines or showing impatience leads to disadvantages in negotiations. The Chinese like to negotiate in rather large groups. Fairly freque ntly, three or four VW people negotiated with ten to twenty Chinese. However, typically only one would speak while the others took notes. They were all very disciplined. There were times when they would cultivate a friendship, seemingly to manipulate situations. Our Chinese partners also frequently asked us to explain matters several times. This was not a sign of insufficient professional knowledge on their part, but just a tactic, as are the meticulously organized extras during negotiations, such as banquets, toasts, and sightseeing. We should listen carefully to the Chinese. Never try to convince them by saying that only your products or plans are outstanding. Instead, explain the facts and figures as often as they require; explain why you believe yours is the best offer; and explain why you are asking for certain payments. Do not show that opinions are divided on a given topic within your team, and avoid discussions in front of them. They cannot understand such behavior and wi ll interpret this as a sign that you lack clarity about your concept. Source: https://www. negotiations. com/case/well-managed-negotiations/ Case Study-2: Chinese Culture (Guanxi—Ties That Bind) In 1992, McDonald’s Corporation opened its first restaurant in Beijing, China, after a decade of market research. The restaurant, then the largest McDonald’s in the world, was located on the corner of Wangfujing Street and the Avenue of Eternal Peace, just two blocks from Tiananmen Square, the very heart of China’s capital. The choice of location seemed auspicious, and within two years, sales at the restaurant were surpassing all expectations. Then the Beijing city government dropped a bombshell; officials abruptly informed McDonald’s that it would have to vacate the location to make way for a commercial, residential, and office complex planned by Hong Kong developer Li Ka-shing. At the time, Mc-Donald’s still had 18 years to run on its 20 yea r lease. A stunned McDonald’s did what any good Western company would do—it took the Beijing city government to court to try to enforce the lease. The court refused to enforce the lease, and McDonald’s had to move. Chinese observers had a simple explanation for the outcome. McDonald’s, they said, lacked the guanxi of Li Ka-shing. Given this, the company could not expect to prevail. Company executives should have accepted the decision in good grace and moved on, but instead, McDonald’s filed a lawsuit—a move that would only reduce what guanxi McDonald’s might have with the city government! This example illustrates a basic difference between doing business in the West and doing business in China. In the advanced economies of the West, business transactions are conducted and regulated by the centuries-old framework of contract law, which specifies the rights and obligations of parties to a business contract and provides mechanisms for seeking to redress grievances should one party in the exchange fail to live up to the legal agreement. In the West, McDonald’s could have relied on the courts to enforce its legal contract with the city government. In China, this approach didn’t work. China does not have the same legal infrastructure. Personal power and relationships or connections, rather than the rule of law, have always been the key to getting things done in China. Decades of Communist rule stripped away the basic legal infrastructure that did exist to regulate business transactions. Power, relationships, and connections are an important, and some say necessary, influence on getting things done and enforcing business agreements in China. The key to understanding this process is the concept of guanxi. Guanxi literally means relationships, although in business settings it can be better understood as connections. McDonald’s lost its lease in central Beijing because it lacked the guanxi enjoy ed by the powerful Li Ka-shing. The concept of guanxi is deeply rooted in Chinese culture, particularly the Confucian philosophy of valuing social hierarchy and reciprocal obligations. Confucian ideology has a 2,000-year-old history in China, and more than half a century of Communist rule has done little to dent its influence on everyday life in China. Confucianism stresses the importance of relationships, both within the family and between master and servant. Confucian ideology teaches that people are not created equal. In Confucian thought, loyalty and obligations to one’s superiors (or to family) is regarded as a sacred duty, but at the same time, this loyalty has its price. Social superiors are obligated to reward the loyalty of their social inferiors by bestowing â€Å"blessings† upon them; thus, the obligations are reciprocal. Source:https://highered. mcgraw-hill. com/sites/dl/free/0072973714/214805/Sample_Chapter03. pdf Reference Articles 1. Cross-cultural challenges when doing business in China by Zhamg Zigang Singapore Management Review January 1 2004 2. Bond M and G Hofstede, 1989. The cash value of Confucian values, Human System Management, 8, pp 195-200. 3. Hofstede G, 1980. Cultures consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage 4. Cultural constraints in management theories. The Academy of Management Executives, 7(1): pp 81-94. 5. Sosik, John and Jung Dong, 2002. Work-group characteristics and performance in collectivistic and individualistic cultures. The Journal of Social Psychology. Washington, pp 5-23. 6. Axtell, Roger E. Gestures. The Do’s and Taboos of Body Language Around the world[M], John Wiley ; Son, 1991. 7. RSM International, Chinese Business Practices and Etiquette Vada Ng, Chinese Business Culture, The Confucius Institute, University Of Western Australia 8. John L. Graham and N. Mark Lam, The Chinese negotiation, Harvard Business Review, October 2003 9. Zhang Zigang , Cross-cultural challenges when doing business in China January 1 2004 10. Huang Jianfei. Cultural differences in Body Language 11. International Business Review 17 (2008) Page no. 141-145 Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "China: a Cultural Analysis" essay for you Create order